Stratification response of soil water content during rainfall events under different rainfall patterns   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

Yinglan A  Guoqiang Wang  Wenchao Sun  Baolin Xue  Anthony Kiem 《水文研究》2018,32(20):3128-3139

Many researchers have studied the influence of rainfall patterns on soil water movement processes using rainfall simulation experiments. However, less attention has been paid to the influence under natural condition. In this paper, rainfall, soil water content (SWC), and soil temperature at 10‐, 20‐, 30‐, 40‐, and 50‐cm depths were simultaneously monitored at 1‐min intervals to measure the variation in SWC (SWCv) in response to rainfall under different rainfall patterns. First, we classified rainfall events into four patterns. During the study period, the main pattern was the advanced rainfall pattern (38% of all rainfall events), whereas the delayed, central, and uniform rainfall patterns had similar frequencies of about 20%. During natural rainfall, rainwater rapidly passed through the top soil layers (10–40 cm) and was accumulated in the bottom layer (50 cm). When a high rainfall pulse occurred, the water storage balance was disturbed, resulting in the drainage of initial soil water from the top layers into the deeper layers. Therefore, the critical function of the top layers and the bottom layers was infiltration and storage, respectively. The source of water stored in the bottom layer was not only rainfall but also the initial soil water in the upper soil layers. Changes in soil temperature at each soil depth were comonitored with SWCv to determine the movement characteristics of soil water under different rainfall patterns. Under the delayed rainfall pattern, preferential flows preferred to occur. Under the other rainfall patterns, matrix flow was the main form of soil water movement. Rainfall amount was a better indicator than rainfall intensity for SWCv in the bottom layer under the delayed rainfall pattern. These results provide insights into the responses of SWCv under different rainfall patterns in northern China.  相似文献   

区域创新政策评价的框架、测度与检验     

俞立平 《地理科学》2020,40(10):1610-1617

构建区域创新政策评价的理论框架，在宏观知识生产函数中引入信息化作为创新技术进步的替代变量，基于DEA与Malmquist指数，用全要素生产率指数存量来衡量区域创新政策。并以省际高技术产业为例进行了实证，研究结果表明：区域创新政策的特征和评价维度决定评价的多样性，基于政策效果与政策交互作用的区域创新政策评价具有重要意义；区域创新政策总体上处于稳步提高阶段，较低地区以西部中部地区为主；区域创新政策测度模型系统性较好，其检验方法有待进一步深化；采用政府研发经费投入作为区域创新政策的替代变量值得商榷。  相似文献   

近30 a甘肃省河东地区极端气温指数时空变化特征及趋势预测          下载免费PDF全文

黄浩  张勃  黄涛  王怀军  马尚谦  马彬  王晓丹  崔艳强 《干旱区地理》2020,43(2):319-328

基于甘肃省河东地区61个气象站点1988—2017年逐日气温数据，利用Mann-Kendall检验，Sen’s斜率估计方法分析甘肃省河东地区极端气温指数的时空变化趋势，并探讨极端气温指数与其影响因素之间的关系，最后利用NAR神经网络结合Hurst指数对甘肃省河东地区极端气温指数变化进行预测分析。结果表明：(1)从时间上看，冷极值相对指数呈下降趋势，冷极值绝对指数、暖极值以及气温日较差、作物生长期呈上升趋势。(2)从空间上看，对冷极值变化反应最为敏感的是高寒湿润区，对暖极值变化反应最为敏感的是温带半湿润区和北亚热带湿润区，除北亚热带湿润区外各区域作物生长期的变化都达到了显著水平，而气温日较差仅在温带半湿润区达到了显著水平。(3)多数极端气温指数与经纬度、海拔之间有显著相关性，但受区域自然特点影响，经度与海拔对其影响实为一类。(4)亚洲区极涡强度、北半球极涡强度以及青藏高原指数B与极端气温指数变化有密切关系，而太阳黑子等只与个别指数之间存在显著的相关性。(5)预测出的极端气温指数冷极值相对指数仍呈现下降趋势，冷极值的绝对指数、暖极值以及气温日较差、作物生长期仍然呈现增加趋势，但大多数指数与1988—2017年相比变化幅度有所降低。（6）与其他区域相比甘肃省河东地区大多数气温指数变化幅度处于中间水平，表现出其为多种不同气候区、自然区交界地带的特色。  相似文献   

印度河流域气温、降水、蒸发及干旱变化特征          下载免费PDF全文

赵建婷  王艳君  苏布达  陶辉  姜彤 《干旱区地理》2020,43(2):349-359

基于印度河流域及周围54个地面气象站气温、降水资料，结合CRU气温和GPCC降水全球格点化陆面再分析资料，通过插值构建了一套0.5°×0.5°分辨率1980—2016年逐月格点数据集。采用Thornthwaite方法计算了潜在蒸散发，基于标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI），探讨了印度河流域气候变化及干旱演变特征。结果表明：（1）1980—2016年，印度河流域年平均气温以0.30℃·（10 a）^-1的速率呈显著上升趋势，21世纪初增温幅度最大；干季（11月~次年4月）升温速率较快，达0.36℃·（10 a）^-1，湿季（5~10月）增速0.25℃·（10 a）^-1。年降水量呈现少雨—多雨—少雨—多雨年代际振荡。伴随着持续升温，年和各季的潜在蒸发量增加显著。干季干旱频率较多，但湿季干旱强度高，各季干旱频率与降水呈现较一致的年代际波动；干旱的影响面积在干季呈现微弱地增加趋势，湿季却略有减少趋势。（2）空间上，除西北局部，流域其他区域的年和季平均气温、潜在蒸发量增加趋势显著，均达到95%置信水平。其中南部平原和东北山区升温幅度较高，南部平原区潜在蒸发量增加也较大。新德里到喀布尔的东南至西北带状区域的年和湿季降水量，以及喀布尔周围地区的干季降水量呈显著增加趋势。东南平原区和东北局部山区的干季，以及东北和西南局部山区的湿季呈现显著的干旱化态势，需要加强防灾减灾的意识并采取相应措施，以规避干旱增多带来的不利影响。  相似文献   

Simulation and projection of climate change using CMIP6 Muti-models in the Belt and Road Region     

YanRan Lü  Tong Jiang  YanJun Wang  BuDa Su  JinLong Huang  Hui Tao 《寒旱区科学》2020,12(6):389-403

Climate condition over a region is mostly determined by the changes in precipitation, temperature and evaporation as the key climate variables. The countries belong to the Belt and Road region are subjected to face strong changes in future climate. In this paper, we used five global climate models from the latest Sixth Phase of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to evaluate future climate changes under seven combined scenarios of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and the Representative Concentration Pathways (SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP4-3.4, SSP4-6.0 and SSP5-8.5) across the Belt and Road region. This study focuses on undertaking a climate change assessment in terms of future changes in precipitation, air temperature and actual evaporation for the three distinct periods as near-term period (2021-2040), mid-term period (2041-2060) and long-term period (2081-2100). To discern spatial structure, K?ppen-Geiger Climate Classification method has been used in this study. In relative terms, the results indicate an evidence of increasing tendency in all the studied variables, where significant changes are anticipated mostly in the long-term period. In addition to, though it is projected to increase under all the SSP-RCP scenarios, greater increases will be happened under higher emission scenarios (SSP5-8.5 and SSP3-7.0). For temperature, robust increases in annual mean temperature is found to be 5.2 °C under SSP3-7.0, and highest 7.0 °C under SSP5-8.5 scenario relative to present day. The northern part especially Cold and Polar region will be even more warmer (+6.1 °C) in the long-term (2081-2100) period under SSP5-8.5. Similarly, at the end of the twenty-first century, annual mean precipitation is inclined to increase largely with a rate of 2.1% and 2.8% per decade under SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5 respectively. Spatial distribution demonstrates that the largest precipitation increases are to be pronounced in the Polar and Arid regions. Precipitation is projected to increase with response to increasing warming most of the regions. Finally, the actual evaporation is projected to increase significantly with rate of 20.3% under SSP3-7.0 and greatest 27.0% for SSP5-8.5 by the end of the century. It is important to note that the changes in evaporation respond to global mean temperature rise consistently in terms of similar spatial pattern for all the scenarios where stronger increase found in the Cold and Polar regions. The increase in precipitation is overruled by enhanced evaporation over the region. However, this study reveals that the CMIP6 models can simulate temperature better than precipitation over the Belt and Road region. Findings of this study could be the reliable basis for initiating policies against further climate induced impacts in the regional scale.  相似文献   

A note on the lake level variations of Nam Co,south-central Tibetan Plateau from 2005 to 2019     

ShiQiao Zhou 《寒旱区科学》2020,12(6):430-435

Tibetan lake levels are sensitive to global change, and their variations have a large impact on the environment, local agriculture and animal husbandry practices. While many remote sensing data of Tibetan lake level changes have been reported, few are from in-situ measurements. This note presents the first in-situ lake level time series of the central Tibetan Plateau. Since 2005, daily lake level observations have been performed at Lake Nam Co, one of the largest on the Tibetan Plateau. The interannual lake level variations show an overall increasing trend from 2006 to 2014, a rapid decrease from 2014 to 2017, and a surge from 2017 to 2018. The annual average lake level of the hydrological year (May-April) rose 66 cm from 2006 to 2014, dropped 59 cm from 2014 to 2017, and increased 20 cm from 2017 to 2018, resulting in a net rise of 27 cm or an average rate of about 2 cm per year. Compared to the annual average lake level based on the calendar year, it is better to use the annual average lake level based on the hydrological year to determine the interannual lake level changes. As the lake level was stable in May, it is appropriate to compare May lake levels when examining interannual lake level changes with fewer data. Overall, remote sensing results agree well with the in-situ lake level observations; however, some significant deviations exist. In the comparable 2006-2009 period, the calendar-year average lake level observed in-situ rose by 10-11 cm per year, which is lower than the ICESat result of 18 cm per year.  相似文献   

高温高压条件下彭灌杂岩的强度对汶川地震发震机制的启示   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

牛露  周永胜  姚文明  邵同宾  马玺  党嘉祥  何昌荣 《地球物理学报》2018,61(5):1728-1740

采用汶川地震震源区彭灌杂岩中代表性细粒花岗岩样品，在固体围压介质三轴实验系统上开展了高温高压流变实验研究.实验的温度和压力条件按照龙门山断层带5~30 km深度对应的温度和压力（静岩压）设定.利用偏光显微镜和扫描电镜对实验样品进行微观结构观察.实验结果表明，实验样品在10~20 km深度都具有很高的强度，彭灌杂岩在该深度处于脆性破裂-脆塑性转化域，而在20~30 km实验样品强度显著降低，彭灌杂岩进入塑性流变域，这与流变结构中的极限强度很接近.以花岗岩为代表的彭灌杂岩的破裂强度决定了中上地壳的强度，在15~20 km深度不仅强度达到最大值，而且控制了断层不稳定滑动，具备地震成核条件.因此，把彭灌杂岩强度随深度变化规律与流变结构和滑动稳定性参数（a-b）结合起来得出，彭灌杂岩在15~20 km的高强度是汶川地震的孕育和发生的必要条件.  相似文献   

南海北部陆缘珠江口盆地岩石圈热结构   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

唐晓音  黄少鹏  张功成  杨树春  胡圣标 《地球物理学报》2018,61(9):3749-3759

沉积盆地岩石圈热结构特征是岩石圈构造-热演化过程的综合反映和盆地热史恢复的约束条件，对盆地动力学研究和油气资源评价具有重要意义.由于海洋勘探难度大、勘探程度低，相对于大陆地区，边缘海盆地比较缺乏岩石圈热结构方面的研究.本文在收集整理珠江口盆地及邻区大地热流数据的基础上，补充收录了自2003年以来发表的新数据，绘制了研究区最新版的大地热流等值线图；基于中美合作双船地震剖面揭示的深部地壳结构计算了研究区的壳-幔热流、深部温度以及"热"岩石圈厚度.研究表明，珠江口盆地地壳热流介于18.7~28.6 mW·m^-2，地幔热流介于36.9~91.4 mW·m^-2，壳幔热流比值0.23~0.75；由陆架、陆坡至中央海盆，在地壳热流逐渐减小的情况下地表热流逐渐递增，说明地表热流分布主要受深部热作用控制；盆地"热"岩石圈厚度介于34.0~87.2 km，平均65.5 km，反映出显著拉张减薄的特征.  相似文献   

RESEARCH ON PASSIVE SERVO SEISMIC ROTATIONAL ACCELERATION SENSOR WITH LARGE DAMPING     

QU Ming-zhe  GAO Feng  YANG Xue-shan  YANG Dong-xia 《地震地质》2018,40(5):1170-1178

Many strong motion records show that under the strong seismic vibration of, the torsional disfigurement of building structures is a common and serious damage. At present, there are no special sensors for measuring seismic rotation in the world. Most of the experts obtain rotational components through observing deformation, theoretical analysis and calculation. The theory of elastic wave and source dynamics also prove the conclusion that the surface of the earth will rotate when an earthquake occurs. Based on a large number of investigations and experiments, a rotational acceleration sensor was developed for the observation of the rotational component of strong ground motions. This acceleration sensor is a double-pendulum passive servo large-damped seismic rotational acceleration sensor with the moving coil transducer. When an earthquake occurs, the seismic rotational acceleration acts on the bottom plate at the same time. The magnetic circuit system and the middle shaft fixedly connected to the bottom plate follow the bottom plate synchronous vibration, and the moving part composed of the mass ring, the swing frame and the moving ring produces relative corners to the central axis. The two working coils mounted on the two pendulums produce the same relative motion with respect to the magnetic gaps of the two magnetic circuits. Both working coils at this time generate an induced electromotive force by cutting magnetic lines of force in the respective magnetic gaps. The generated electromotive forces are respectively input to respective passive servo large damper dynamic ring transducer circuits and angular acceleration adjusting circuits, and the signals are simultaneously input to the synthesizing circuit after conditioning. Finally, the composite circuit outputs a voltage signal proportional to the seismic rotational acceleration to form a seismic rotational acceleration sensor. The paper presents the basic principles of the rotational acceleration sensor, including its mechanical structure diagram, circuit schematic diagram and mathematical models. The differential equation of motion and its circuit equation are derived to obtain the expressions of the main technical specifications, such as the damping ratio and sensitivity. The calculation shows that when the damping ratio is much larger than 1, the output voltage of the passive servo large damping dynamic coil transducer circuit is proportional to the ground rotation acceleration, and the frequency characteristic of bandpass is wider when the damping ratio is larger. Based on the calibration test, the dynamic range is greater than or equal to 100dB and the linearity error is less than 0.05%. The amplitude-frequency characteristics, the phase-frequency characteristics and their corresponding curves of the passive servo rotational acceleration sensor are acquired through the calculations. Based on the accurate measurement of the micro-vibration of the precision rotating vibration equipment, the desired result is obtained. The measured data are presented in the paper, which verify the correctness of the calculation result. The passive servo large damping rotational acceleration sensor has simple circuit design, convenient operation and high resolution, and can be widely applied to seismic acceleration measurement of earthquake or structure.  相似文献   

A multicatchment analysis of headwater and downstream temperature effects from contemporary forest harvesting          下载免费PDF全文

Kevin D. Bladon  Catalina Segura  Nicholas A. Cook  Sharon Bywater‐Reyes  Maryanne Reiter 《水文研究》2018,32(2):293-304

Stream temperature is a key physical water‐quality parameter, controlling many biological, chemical, and physical processes in aquatic ecosystems. Maintenance of cool stream temperatures during summer is critical for high‐quality aquatic habitat. As such, transmission of warm water from small, nonfish‐bearing headwater streams after forest harvesting could cause warming in downstream fish‐bearing stream reaches with negative consequences. In this study, we evaluate (a) the effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperature in small, headwater streams, (b) the transmission of thermal signals from headwater reaches after harvesting to downstream fish‐bearing reaches, and (c) the relative role of lithology and forest management practices in influencing differential thermal responses in both the headwater and downstream reaches. We measured summer stream temperatures both preharvest and postharvest at 29 sites—12 upstream sites (4 reference, 8 harvested) and 17 downstream sites (5 reference, 12 harvested)—across 3 paired watershed studies in western Oregon. The 7‐day moving average of daily maximum stream temperature (T_7DAYMAX) was greater during the postharvest period relative to the preharvest period at 7 of the 8 harvested upstream sites. Although the T_7DAYMAX was generally warmer in the downstream direction at most of the stream reaches during both the preharvest and postharvest period, there was no evidence for additional downstream warming related to the harvesting activity. Rather, the T_7DAYMAX cooled rapidly as stream water flowed into forested reaches ~370–1,420 m downstream of harvested areas. Finally, the magnitude of effects of contemporary forest management practices on stream temperature increased with the proportion of catchment underlain by more resistant lithology at both the headwater and downstream sites, reducing the potential for the cooling influence of groundwater.  相似文献